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Contents.Etymology One theory about the origin of the name Riga is that it is a corrupted borrowing from the ringa meaning loop, referring to the ancient natural harbour formed by the tributary loop of the Daugava River. The other is that Riga owes its name to this already-established role in commerce between East and West, as a borrowing of the Latvian rija, for barn, the 'j' becoming a 'g' in German — notably, Riga is called Rie by English geographer (1589), and German historian Dionysius Fabricius (1610) confirms the origin of Riga from rija. Another theory could be that Riga was named after Riege, the German name for the River Rīdzene, a tributary of the.Another theory is that Riga's name is introduced by the, initiator of christening and conquest of Livonian and Baltic people.

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He introduced also an explanation of city name as derived from Latin rigata ('irrigated') that symbolizes an 'irrigation of dry pagan souls by Christianity'. The is one of the most iconic buildings of Old Riga Riga began to develop as a centre of.Riga's inhabitants occupied themselves mainly with fishing, and trading, later developing crafts (in bone, wood, amber, and iron).The testifies to Riga having long been a trading centre by the 12th century, referring to it as portus antiquus (ancient port), and describes dwellings and warehouses used to store mostly flax, and hides. German traders began visiting Riga, establishing a nearby outpost in 1158.Along with German traders the monk also arrived to convert the Livonian pagans to. And had already arrived in Latvia more than a century earlier, and many Latvians baptised.

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Meinhard settled among the Livs, building a castle and church at, upstream from Riga, and established his bishopric there. The Livs, however, continued to practice and Meinhard died in Ikšķile in 1196, having failed in his mission. In 1198, the arrived with a contingent of and commenced a campaign of forced. Berthold died soon afterwards and his forces defeated.The Church mobilised to avenge the issuance of a bull by declaring a crusade against the. Was proclaimed by his uncle, in 1199.

Albert landed in Riga in 1200 with 23 ships and 500 Westphalian crusaders. In 1201, he transferred the seat of the Livonian bishopric from Ikšķile to Riga, extorting agreement to do this from the elders of Riga by force.

Under Bishop Albert The year 1201 also marked the first arrival of German merchants in Novgorod, via the Dvina. To defend territory and trade, Albert established the in 1202, which was open to nobles and merchants.The Christianization of the Livs continued. In 1207, Albert started to fortify the town. Invested Albert with Livonia as a fief and principality of the. To promote a permanent military presence, territorial ownership was divided between the Church and the Order, with the Church taking Riga and two-thirds of all lands conquered and granting the Order a third. Until then, it had been customary for crusaders to serve for a year and then return home.Albert had ensured Riga's commercial future by obtaining papal bulls which decreed that all German merchants had to carry on their Baltic trade through Riga. In 1211, Riga minted its first coinage, and Albert laid the cornerstone for the.

Riga was not yet secure as an alliance of tribes failed to take Riga. In 1212, Albert led a campaign to compel to grant German merchants free river passage.

Polotsk conceded Kukenois and to Albert, also ending the Livs' tribute to Polotsk.Riga's merchant citizenry chafed and sought greater autonomy from the Church. In 1221, they acquired the right to independently self-administer Riga and adopted a city constitution.That same year Albert was compelled to recognise Danish rule over lands they had conquered in Estonia and Livonia. Albert had sought the aid of to protect Riga and Livonian lands against Liv insurrection when reinforcements could not reach Riga. The Danes landed in Livonia, built a fortress at Reval and set about conquering Estonian and Livonian lands. The Germans attempted, but failed, to assassinate Valdemar. Albert was able to reach an accommodation with them a year later, however and, in 1222, Valdemar returned all Livonian lands and possessions to Albert's control.Albert's difficulties with Riga's citizenry continued; with papal intervention, a settlement was reached in 1225 whereby they no longer had to pay tax to the Bishop of Riga, and Riga's citizens acquired the right to elect their magistrates and town councillors.

In 1226, Albert consecrated the Dom Cathedral, built, (now a cathedral) and founded a parochial school at the Church of St. George.In 1227, Albert conquered Oesel and the city of Riga concluded a treaty with the giving Polotsk to Riga.Albert died in January 1229.

He failed in his aspiration to be anointed archbishop but the German hegemony he established over the Baltic would last for seven centuries. Riga in 1650. Drawing by Holy Roman Empire, Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, the Swedish and Russian Empires As the influence of the Hanseatic League waned, Riga became the object of foreign military, political, religious and economic aspirations.

Riga accepted the in 1522, ending the power of the archbishops. In 1524, targeted a statue of in the Cathedral to make a statement against religious icons. It was accused of being a witch, and given a in the. The statue floated, so it was denounced as a witch and burnt at Kubsberg.

With the demise of the during the, Riga for twenty years had the status of a of the before it came under the influence of the by the, which ended the war for Riga in 1581. In 1621, during the, Riga and the outlying fortress of came under the rule of, who intervened in the not only for political and economic gain but also in favour of German. During the, Riga withstood a siege by Russian forces.Riga remained the largest city in Sweden until 1710a period during which the city retained a great deal of autonomous self-government. In that year, in the course of the, Russia under. Along with the other Livonian towns and gentry, but largely retained their privileges.

Riga was made the capital of the. Had ended, and Russia's was formalised through the in 1721. Riga became an industrialised port city of, in which it remained until. By 1900, Riga was the third largest city in Russia after Moscow and in terms of the number of industrial workers and number of theatres. German troops entering Riga during World War I.During these many centuries of war and changes of power in the Baltic, and despite demographic changes, the in Riga had maintained a dominant position. By 1867, Riga's population was 42.9% German. Riga employed German as its of administration until the installation of Russian in 1891 as the official language in the, as part of the policy of of the non-Russian speaking territories of the Russian Empire, including, Finland and the Baltics, undertaken by Tsar.

More and more Latvians started moving to the city during the mid-19th century. The rise of a Latvian made Riga a centre of the with the founding of the Riga Latvian Association in 1868 and the organisation of the first national song festival in 1873. The of the was followed by the socialist during the city's rapid industrialisation, culminating in the led by the.World War I The 20th century brought and the impact of the to Riga. As a result of the, the marched into Riga on 3 September 1917. On 3 March 1918, the was signed, giving the to Germany. Because of the of 11 November 1918, Germany had to renounce that treaty, as did Russia, leaving Latvia and the other Baltic States in a position to claim independence. Latvia, with Riga as its capital city, thus declared its independence on 18 November 1918.Between World War I and World War II (1918–1940), Riga and Latvia shifted their focus from Russia to the countries of.

The United Kingdom and Germany replaced Russia as Latvia's major trade partners. The majority of the Baltic Germans, prior to the occupation of Estonia and Latvia by the Soviet Union in June 1940.World War II During, Latvia was incorporated in the in June 1940 and then was occupied. On June 17, 1940, the Soviet forces invaded Latvia occupying bridges, post/telephone, telegraph, and broadcasting offices. Three days later, Latvian president was forced to approve a pro-Soviet government which had taken office. On July 14–15, rigged elections were held in Latvia and the other Baltic states, The ballots held following instructions: 'Only the list of the Latvian Working People's Bloc must be deposited in the ballot box. The ballot must be deposited without any changes.'

The alleged voter activity index was 97.6%. Most notably, the complete election results were published in Moscow 12 hours before the election closed. Soviet electoral documents found later substantiated that the results were completely fabricated. Tribunals were set up to punish 'traitors to the people' - those who had fallen short of the 'political duty' of voting Latvia into the USSR and those who failed to have their passports stamped for so voting were allowed to be shot in the back of the head. The Soviet authorities, having regained control over Riga and Latvia imposed a regime of terror, opening the headquarters of the, massive deportations started. Hundreds of men were arrested, including leaders of the former Latvian government. The most notorious deportation, the took place on June 13 and June 14, 1941, estimated at 15,600 men, women, and children, and including 20% of Latvia's last legal government.

Similar deportations were repeated after the end of. The building of the located in 61, known as 'the corner house', is now a museum. Stalin's deportations also included thousands of Latvian Jews. (The mass deportation totalled 131,500 across the Baltics.) Similar atrocities were made after the Nazi occupation of when the city's was forced into the and a was constructed in.

On 25 October 1941, the Nazis relocated all Jews from Riga and the vicinity to the ghetto. Most of Latvia's Jews (about 24,000) were killed on 30 November and 8 December 1941 in the. By the end of the war, the remaining were.The Soviet Red Army re-entered Riga on 13 October 1944.

In the following years the massive influx of labourers, administrators, military personnel, and their dependents from Russia and other Soviet republics started. Of the large multi-storied housing blocks were built to house immigrant workers.By the end of the war, was heavily damaged because of constant bombing. After the war, huge efforts were made to reconstruct and renovate most of the famous buildings that were part of the skyline of the city before the war.

Such buildings were, amongst others: which lost its wooden tower after a fire caused by the (renovated in 1954). Other example is, completely destroyed, its ruins were subsequently demolished. A was subsequently constructed in 1995.In 1989, the percentage of Latvians in Riga had fallen to 36.5%.

21st century. This section needs expansion. You can help. ( December 2011)In 2004, the arrival of resulted in cheaper flights from other European cities such as London and Berlin and consequently a substantial increase in numbers of tourists.In November 2013, possibly as a result of the weight of materials used in the construction of a garden on the roof. At least 54 people were killed.

The Latvian President Andris Berzins described the disaster as 'a large scale murder of many defenceless people'.Riga was the in 2014.During the Latvia's in 2015 the 4th Summit took place in Riga. Geography. Main article:. (3 km 2 or 1.2 sq mi).

(79 km 2 or 31 sq mi). (41 km 2 or 16 sq mi). (77 km 2 or 30 sq mi). (57 km 2 or 22 sq mi). (50 km 2 or 19 sq mi)Riga's administrative divisions consist of six administrative entities:, and and the,.

Three entities were established on 1 September 1941, and the other three were established in October 1969. There are no official lower level administrative units, but the Riga City Council Development Agency is working on a plan, which officially makes Riga consist of 58 neighbourhoods. The current names were confirmed on 28 December 1990. The head of the city government in Riga is the.

Incumbent mayor, who is a member of the party, took office on 1 July 2009.The city council is a democratically elected institution and is the final decision-making authority in the city. The Council consists of 60 members who are elected every four years. The Presidium of the Riga City Council consists of the Chairman of the Riga City Council and the representatives delegated by the political parties or party blocks elected to the City Council.Demographics With 632,614 inhabitants in 2019 as according to the Central statistical administration of Latvia, Riga is the largest city in the, though its population has decreased from just over 900,000 in 1991. Notable causes include. According to the 2017 data, ethnic Latvians made up 44.03% of the population of Riga, while ethnic Russians formed 37.88%, Belarusians 3.72%, Ukrainians 3.66%, Poles 1.83% and other ethnicities 8.10%.

By comparison, 60.1% of Latvia's total population was ethnically, 26.2%, 3.3%, 2.4%, 2.1%, 1.2% are and the rest of other origins.Upon the, Soviet era immigrants (and any of their offspring born before 1991) were not automatically granted Latvian citizenship because they had migrated to the territory of Latvia during the years when Latvia was part of the Soviet Union. In 2013 citizens of Latvia made up 73.1%, 21.9% and citizens of other countries 4.9% of the population of Riga.The proportion of ethnic Latvians in Riga increased from 36.5% in 1989 to 42.4% in 2010.

In contrast, the percentage of Russians fell from 47.3% to 40.7% in the same time period. Latvians overtook Russians as the largest ethnic group in 2006. Further projections show that the ethnic Russian population will continue a steady decline, despite higher birth rates, due to emigration. Historic population figures. Population in thousands. Economy Riga is one of the key economic and financial centres of the.

Roughly half of all the jobs in Latvia are in Riga and the city generates more than 50% of Latvia's GDP as well as around half of Latvia's exports. The biggest exporters are in wood products, IT, food and beverage manufacturing, pharmaceuticals, transport and metallurgy. Riga Port is one of the largest in the Baltics. It handled a record 34 million tons of cargo in 2011 and has potential for future growth with new port developments on Krievu Sala.

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Tourism is also a large industry in Riga and after a slowdown during the, grew 22% in 2011 alone. The Theatres. The was founded in 1918. The repertoire of the theatre embraces all opera masterpieces. The Latvian National Opera is famous not only for its operas, but for its ballet troupe as well.

The was founded in 1919. The Latvian National Theatre preserves the traditions of. It is one of the biggest theatres in Latvia. The is the oldest professional drama theatre in Latvia, established in 1883. The repertoire of the theatre includes classical plays and experimental performances of Russian and other foreign playwrights. The was opened for the first time in 1920. It is one of the most successful theatres in Latvia.

This theatre is distinguished by its frequent productions of modern foreign plays. Latvian State Puppet Theatre was founded in 1944. This theatre presents shows for children and adults.

The was opened in 1992. It has an intelligent and attractive repertoire of high quality that focused on a modern, educated and socially active audience.World Choir Games Riga hosted the biannual 2014 from 9–19 July 2014 which coincided with the city being named for 2014. The event, organised by the choral foundation, takes place at various host cities every two years and was originally known as the 'Choir Olympics'. The event regularly sees over 15'000 choristers in over 300 choirs from over 60 nations compete for gold, silver and bronze medals in over 20 categories. The competition is further divided into a Champions Competition and an Open Competition to allow choirs from all backgrounds to enter. Choral workshops and festivals are also witnessed in the host cities and are usually open to the public.

Architecture. Main article:It is generally recognized that Riga has largest collection of buildings in the world. This is due to the fact that at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries, when Art Nouveau was at the height of its popularity, Riga experienced an unprecedented financial and demographic boom. In the period from 1857 to 1914 its population grew from 282,000 (256,200 in Riga itself and another 26,200 inhabitants beyond the city limits in patrimonial district and military town of ) to 558,000 making it the 4th – largest city in the (after, and ) and its largest port. The middle class of Riga used their acquired wealth to build imposing apartment blocks outside the former. Local architects, mostly graduates of, adopted current European movements and in particular Art Nouveau.

Between 1910 and 1913, between 300 and 500 new buildings were built each year in Riga, most – of them in Art Nouveau style and most of them outside the old town. Sports Riga has a rich basketball history. In the 1950s became the best club in the Soviet Union and also in Europe, winning the first three editions of the from 1958 to 1960.In 1960, ASK was not the only team from Riga to take the European crown.

Clinched their first title in the, turning Riga into the capital city of European basketball because for the first and, so far, only time in the history of European basketball, clubs from the same city were concurrent European Men's and Women's club champions.In 2015, Riga was one of the hosts for.Sports clubs. – a professional basketball team that is a three-time. VEF also participates in high-level international competition such as. – a men's basketball team, two-time, as well as the winner. – a women's basketball team, which between 1960 and 1982 won eighteen titles.

– a professional ice hockey club established in 2008. It plays in the. Dinamo was established as a successor to the, which was founded in 1946 but ceased to exist in 1995. – a junior hockey club, playing in the. – Riga Football Club, commonly referred to as Riga FC, were established in 2015 after a merger of two Riga based teams – FC Caramba Riga and Dinamo Rīga.

In 2018 they became champions of the Latvian Higher League for the first time. – FK Rīgas Futbola Skola, known as RFS are based on the Riga Football School (RFS) academy, established in 1962.

– founded in 2006. Metta play their home games at. – Jura Docenko Futbola Skola Alberts, commonly referred to as JDFS Alberts was founded as a football school in 2008 and subsequently became a professional Latvian football league team.Dissolved Football Clubs.

– Skonto FC was a football club established in 1991. The club won fourteen successive titles.

For a long time it provided the core of the. Following financial problems, the club was demoted to the Latvian First League in 2016 and went bankrupt in December of that year and subsequently dissolved. – JFK Olimps played in the top division of Latvian football. The club was founded in 2005 and dissolved in 2012. According to a study from January 2011, the club was the youngest team in Europe, with an average age of 19.02 years.Sports facilities.

– a multi-purpose arena built in 2006 as the main venue for the. It can hold up to 14,500 people and has hosted, and events, as well as. – a football stadium, built in 2000.

It is the main stadium used for games of the and currently the home stadium of Riga FC. The stadium was previously the home stadium of Skonto FC prior to the team's dissolution. – a stadium built in 1958, used for both and. Biķernieku Kompleksā Sporta Bāze – Latvia's leading complexSports events.Transport. One of the several Trolleybus types in RigaRiga, with its central geographic position and concentration of population, has always been the infrastructural hub of Latvia. Several begin in Riga, and crosses Riga from the east and west, while the crosses Riga from the south and north.As a city situated by a river, Riga also has several bridges.

The oldest standing bridge is the, which is also the only railroad-carrying bridge in Riga. The ( Akmens tilts) connects and; the ( Salu tilts) connects and Pārdaugava via; and the ( Vanšu tilts) connects Old Riga and Pārdaugava via. In 2008, the first stage of the new ( Dienvidu tilts) route across the Daugava was completed, and was opened to traffic on 17 November.The Southern Bridge was the biggest construction project in the Baltic states in 20 years, and its purpose was to reduce in the city centre. Another major construction project is the planned Riga Northern; its first segment detailed project was completed in 2015.The facilitates cargo and passenger traffic by sea. Sea ferries currently connect to operated.

A tram in RigaRiga has one active airport that serves commercial airlines—the (RIX), built in 1973. Renovation and modernization of the airport was completed in 2001, coinciding with the 800th anniversary of the city. In 2006, a new terminal extension was opened. Extension of the runway was completed in October 2008, and the airport is now able to accommodate large aircraft such as the Airbus A340, Boeing 747, 757, 767 and 777. Another terminal extension is under construction as of 2014. The annual number of passengers has grown from 310,000 in 1993 to 4.7 million in 2014, making Riga International Airport the largest in the Baltic States.The former international airport of Riga, located 5 km (3.11 mi) from Riga city centre, is currently used for small aircraft, pilot training and recreational aviation. Riga was also home to a military air base during the —.in the city is provided by which operates a large number of, and on an extensive network of routes across the city.

In addition, up until 2012 many private owners operated services, after which the City Council established the unified transport company Rīgas mikroautobusu satiksme, establishing a monopoly over the service.Riga is connected to the rest of Latvia by trains operated by the national carrier, whose headquarters are in Riga. There are also international rail services to and, and plans to revive passenger rail traffic with. A project called envisages building a line via Riga connecting to using, expected to be put into operation in 2024.provides domestic and international connections by.Universities.